The following article is part of an ongoing column titled ‘Investor Insights.’  Brought to you by Ed Truant, founder and content manager of Slingshot Capital, ‘Investor Insights’ will provide thoughtful and engaging perspectives on all aspects of investing in litigation finance.  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• Recent changes in the patent sector have made the case type more attractive to litigation finance
• Litigation finance specialization has started to occur in the intellectual property case market
• Managers focusing on specific case types introduce systematic risk to their portfolios

INVESTOR INSIGHTS

• Investors should understand how the risk/reward characteristics of a patent case differ from plain vanilla commercial cases
• Case type specialization introduces a systematic risk that cannot benefit from the application of portfolio theory
• Patent cases will occupy a larger proportion of commercial litigation finance portfolios
• Patent litigation is a specialized and complex area of law. Managers investing in the space should have the internal resources to properly underwrite these opportunities

Over the past few years, I have noticed a distinct change in the appetite of litigation funders when it comes to getting involved in patent litigations. It used to be the case that patent litigation was viewed negatively by the litigation funding community, due to negative precedents, regulatory changes and trends that were not supportive of providing litigation finance. Then about two years ago, I noticed an increase in the number of patent cases being brought to the attention of funders, and in the number of funders marketing that they are interested in providing financing to patent cases. While I would say that the marketing is a little ahead of reality, there are now many more funders in the litigation finance community that will look at a patent case for potential funding. However, few will actually provide the funding. There seems to be no lack of excuses as to why funders will not fund cases, but they all seem to revolve around outcome risk or duration risk, and the two often go hand-in-hand. To get a better perspective on the trends within the industry, and to get a handle on where patent litigation is heading from a litigation finance perspective, I turned to Trey Hebert of Permentum Capital to provide some industry perspective. I would also like to acknowledge the contributions of Michael Gulliford at Soryn IP and Phillip Mitchell and Steve Wong of Validity IP. Editor’s note– the following contribution appears with illustrative graphs and charts here.   Trey Hebert: Although many litigation funders were historically hesitant to invest in patent litigation, there are signs that patent litigation is becoming an attractive case type for litigation finance. Such signs include changes in the law, increased patent-litigation filings, and patent-friendly rules in certain jurisdictions. Below we provide context for patent disputes, review how certain judicial and legislative events made patent litigation riskier and less profitable, and highlight signs of change in patent litigation. This article then presents successful examples of third-party funding in patent litigation and offers insights from investors, before discussing the future of litigation funding in the patent arena. I. Patent Disputes & Patent Trolls Patents have long held a special position in U.S. litigation. Though rarely discussed, patent protection has its roots in Article I of the U.S. Constitution. Because patent protection is federal in nature, all patent cases are heard in federal court. Generically, patent disputes involve a fight between parties over the exclusive right to a patented invention. A non-practicing entity (NPE)—often pejoratively referred to as a patent troll—is an entity that does not itself employ an invention, but nevertheless uses the patent to extract licensing fees. One of the earliest well-known examples of NPE patent assertion was by renowned inventor Eli Whitney in connection with his famous cotton gin invention, patented in 1794. After his own attempts to commercialize the cotton gin failed, Mr. Whitney sued plantation owners that had started using his patented invention. While Mr. Whitney ultimately recovered little for his patent assertion efforts, his case showed future litigants that a plaintiff’s use of a patent was not a prerequisite. In some respects, patent lawsuits brought by NPEs are a type of litigation finance. After all, litigation finance uses current capital to obtain a future financial benefit through litigation. Likewise, an NPE or patent troll spends current capital on acquiring and asserting patent rights for the future financial benefit of court awards or licensing fees. The number of lawsuits filed by NPEs grew in the wake of the 2001 and 2008 recessions. As the tech bubble burst and companies folded, many businesses holding patents failed, and their patents were snapped up at bargain prices by patent-holding companies. A few years later, those patents were being litigated. Suits brought by NPEs tend to be a breed apart. Traditional defense strategies such as filing counterclaims and employing cost-increasing litigation tactics, such as conducting burdensome discovery, are generally ineffective against NPEs. By-definition, NPEs are unlikely to have committed any bad acts and are often formed as shell companies with few documents or employees. And they don’t face the same type of public-relations issues that customer-facing companies might need to consider. II. The Patent-Dispute Landscape As the number of NPE suits increased, the judiciary and Congress responded. Several judicial and legislative changes made patent litigation longer and more difficult, increasing the risk and decreasing the profitability. eBay In 2006, the U.S. Supreme Court in eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C. held that a successful patent plaintiff was not guaranteed the right to a permanent injunction against the losing defender. Prior to this decision, courts would almost always issue permanent injunctions against patent infringers. The threat of an injunction likely forced earlier and higher settlements. eBay didn’t completely kill the injunction, but it undoubtedly devalued patent litigation. America Invents Act The America Invents Act of 2011 was the most significant statutory overhaul of the U.S. patent system in half a century. Perhaps most impactful, Congress expanded the process to invalidate a patent through Inter Partes Review (“IPR”) before a Patent Trial and Appeal Board (“PTAB”). An IPR is now commonly used by lawsuit defendants to challenge the validity of the patents asserted against them. District courts regularly pause litigation while the PTAB resolves the IPR. Because few patents survived early IPR—Federal Circuit Chief Judge Rader famously referred to the PTAB as “death squads killing property rights”—IPR is a favorite mechanism for defendants to either end litigation early or increase costs and delay resolution. Alice In 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank changed how courts analyzed patent validity, encouraging defendants to seek an early ruling that asserted patents were invalid. In Alice’s wake, defendants began to routinely ask courts to kill patents, arguing that they were concerned non-patentable, abstract ideas, and waves of patents were invalidated early in litigation. Plaintiffs, therefore, faced greater uncertainty, and defendants capitalized on the ability to attempt a relatively cheap escape maneuver prior to expensive discovery. TC Heartland In 2017, in TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC, the U.S. Supreme curtailed the places that a corporate defendant could be sued: venue is only proper in the district where (1) a defendant is incorporated or (2) has a regular, established place of business and committed acts of infringement. Before TC Heartland, the Eastern District of Texas (EDTX) was the favorite watering-hole of patent plaintiffs, because it offered high damages awards and a “rocket docket” to trial. TC Heartland gutted EDTX’s hold on patent litigation, increasing uncertainty in the short term, as plaintiffs were forced to try new venues. III. Signs of Change: Fertile Ground for Litigation Finance Many funders have traditionally shied away from patent litigation, citing its expense, difficulty, risk, and duration. But analysis reveals that these alleged drawbacks are either less pronounced than anticipated, or are changing.

1. Patent litigation is expensive, but awards can be gigantic. Through trial, a patent case typically costs $5-10 million. Yet, there is significant pressure on law firms to reduce costs, and legal technology companies are paving the way for more efficient case management. Further, damages available in patent litigation suits can far outweigh the costs. And enhanced damages—discretionary punitive damages that can triple compensatory damages—are more readily accessible after the U.S. Supreme Court’s 2016 decision in Halo Electronics, Inc. v. Pulse Electronics, Inc., which relaxed the standard for finding willful infringement.
2. Patent litigation is complicated, but such complication is an advantage for funders that develop expertise. Because patent litigation includes so many traps for the unwary, it is hard to evaluate a patent lawsuit at the outset. Assessing a patent case requires familiarity with the twists and turns of patent litigation, and few funders have the expertise to model the costs, outcomes, expected damages, and timing of a case from start to finish. But that difficulty means that a sophisticated litigation funder who takes the time to understand patent litigation, and carefully considers patent-litigation opportunities, will face fewer competitors and potentially higher rewards for the risk.
3. Patent litigation has a high risk of early dismissal, but courts may be more reluctant to dismiss. As discussed in Part II, patent suits have several early choke points. The recent Federal Circuit decision in Berkheimer v. HP Inc. signaled a retreat from early invalidation. Berkheimer recognized that fact issues may preclude courts from resolving early validity That limitation on those challenges provides additional leverage to patent plaintiffs who are prepared to frame factual disputes for maximum effect.
4. Patent litigation can take a long time, but key venues are shifting—and speeding up. Relative to other attractive case types, patent disputes can require an extended time horizon, and IPR can freeze litigation in its tracks. Furthermore, the “optimal” strategy for a patent plaintiff might push back recovery by design. For example, a patent plaintiff may wish to litigate against a smaller defendant first, to work through any prior art (earlier uses of the technology that might impact patent validity) and/or claim construction (interpreting the patent claim language) and gain key favorable rulings, then attack the big fish with a cleaner path through litigation. More complex litigation strategies can further challenge the litigation funder. After TC Heartland hobbled EDTX in 2017 and patent litigator Alan Albright took the bench in 2018, the Western District of Texas (WDTX) is now the hottest venue for patent litigation. This year, one in five patent complaints are filed in WDTX, in part because of the speed to resolution plaintiffs can expect there. Judge Albright has resisted litigation stays pending IPR proceedings, he offers to resolve discovery disputes by phone as they happen, and many observers find his scheduling orders “fast-paced,” to say the least. His only completed patent trial (so far) was held less than 13 months after the complaint was filed! Further, because Judge Albright is the only judge in the Waco division, plaintiffs can file there knowing Judge Albright will preside over their case and its schedule. Not only are patent-friendly changes underway at the district courts, there have been favorable trends in another important institution. At the Patent Trial and Appeal Board, where patent defendants commonly seek patent invalidation, Inter Partes Review institution rates have fallen from 87% in FY13 to less than 60% in partial FY20. Institution is the first major hurdle for patent challengers in IPR, and falling institution rates mean fewer patents will be tried (and potentially invalidated) by the PTAB. As a result, IPR is less attractive to patent challengers, and IPR risk to patent holders is declining.
5. Patents can be monetized by sale or license, but this option is often unattractive to patent-holders. Unlike commercial litigation claims, which are not (yet?) bought, sold, and licensed with third parties, patents are directly marketable to third parties. A patent holder that wishes to extract value is not forced to hire an army of attorneys to sue an infringer; it can sell or license the patent instead. But many patent holders do not wish to sell or license their patents. Especially in lawsuits against a company’s competitor, a dynamic that many funders prefer, the loss of control associated with selling or licensing the patent might be unpalatable to the patent owner. Litigation funding provides patent owners with a way to monetize the patent without losing control of it. And if the patent holder and litigation funder were interested, the funder could purchase a stake in the patent to achieve even better alignment, an option not generally available for other types of litigation.
6. Patent litigation had been on the decline, but recent filings suggest a trend reversal. As shown below, patent litigation filings peaked in 2013, remained high through 2015, then fell three straight years through 2018. But recent data suggests patent litigation is reversing course. Interest in patent protection, as measured by the number of patents granted each year, has been trending up since 2009. Patent litigation filings were flat for 2019, and up for the first six months of 2020, despite the COVID-19 crisis. If the second half of 2020 matches the first, annual totals would be up by more than 25%, as projected below. As patent litigation grows, patent opportunities for litigation funders are likely to follow.

IV. Successful Examples of Third-Party Funding for Patent Litigation UC Santa Barbara LED Filament Campaign UC Santa Barbara is a public research university that routinely applies for and receives patents related to technology developed in its labs. One patented technology developed there involves LED bulbs, and UC Santa Barbara believed multiple infringers were using the technology to make and sell lightbulbs through U.S. retailers. Rather than pursue each infringing manufacturer, UC Santa Barbara has targeted retailers, seeking to license the technology so that the retailer is free to sell bulbs that use the patented technology from any manufacturer. With the public backing of a litigation funder, the University was able to pursue the infringement claims and reinvest in education and research, free from concerns about misuse of public funds for litigation. The campaign is ongoing, but so far, several major retailers have licensed the technology. i4i v Microsoft There are several attributes of a potential patent case that funders might find attractive: a strong infringement read… a good “story” about the plaintiff… potentially high damages… a defendant that can pay. A classic example of such a case is i4i v Microsoft, a true David v Goliath litigation. i4i developed technology that gave users a better way to edit markup languages like XML. When Microsoft was asked to provide similar functionality on a federal project, Microsoft invited i4i to meet with its government sales team. After successfully landing the project with i4i’s help, Microsoft excluded i4i, but still used the patented technology. i4i could not afford to litigate against Microsoft, so it sought third-party funding to assert its patent. i4i obtained the funding it needed, and was ultimately awarded $290 million. V. Future of Patent Litigation Funding Increase in Litigation Tied to Patent Licensing Disputes Michael Gulliford, of Soryn IP, has watched the patent litigation funding landscape shift over the past several years. He observes that, “unfortunately, in today’s post-patent reform world – which shifted quite a bit of leverage to infringers – many companies choose to copy a patented technology rather than pay to license it. Once that happens, the dispute almost invariably gets resolved in the courtroom. In a sense, when it comes to patent licensing, litigation has just become an expected, albeit expensive, part of the patent licensing business negotiation.” Sonos, the company behind much of the wireless home audio revolution, is one public example that demonstrates even the most high-end technology companies may be forced to litigate their patents. Sonos claims that after sharing its technology with Google to further their shared technology integration goals, Google then launched its own competing product using Sonos’ patented technology. Unlike Sonos, many companies in a similar position are unable to afford the expensive litigation which forces larger companies to the license negotiation table. Mr. Gulliford continued, “these days, if a company is doing something interesting from a technology standpoint, it can almost count on the fact that there will be some form of copying. Assuming the technology was patented, the resulting licensing discussions will most often lead to patent litigation, which could easily cost $5-20M depending on the scope of the dispute. Those expenses can cause quite a big hit to the income statement and that’s where litigation finance can really help.” As the technology world moves toward further collaboration and integration between products, the table is set for licensing disputes to increase. And as patent litigation becomes an increasingly standard part of innovators’ attempts to license their technology, already expensive patent litigation is likely to increase as well. These increased costs will exacerbate the need for financial solutions like litigation finance. Specialization In Patent Funding As the litigation funding industry matures, one trend to watch is specialization by funders seeking to target patent litigation, with Fortress’ IP Fund and Soryn being prime early examples. Fund-level specialization provides strategic diversification options to investors, and facilitates the development of expertise in evaluating patent litigation investment opportunities. Firm-level specialization avoids some of the challenges faced by large-firm patent attorneys with respect to conflicts and plaintiff-side representation, and it presents opportunities for innovative litigation finance structures that help clients and the firm. Investor Insights In my article about “Edge”, I referenced a trend toward specialization, and patent litigation finance is certainly a sub-sector that would qualify as an area of specialization, given the complexity of the cases and the economics at stake. There are a couple of risks inherent in patent litigation that attract my immediate attention as an investor. The first is duration risk, as there are many potential delay tactics, procedural strategies and stumbling blocks that could interfere with the timelines of a patent case. In certain circumstances, the quantum of the issue at risk is so significant that it forces the defendant to push to the bitter end, which results in long timelines and reduces time-based returns. The second issue has to do with early-stage case risk. In the patent space, there are procedural hurdles (IPR, ‘Alice’, Markman, etc.) that could disqualify a case from proceeding, and this adds another element of risk in the early stages of the case. Investors should think about bifurcating (mentally and structurally) this risk into two phases. The first phase encompasses the early stage risk of the case, and investors should be prepared to have a lower win rate during this phase of the case and accept increased loss rates, but also put fewer dollars at risk with the potential for larger rewards. The second phase would be after the hurdles in the first phase have been overcome, whereby investors can take some comfort from the de-risking involved with overcoming these hurdles, but should also expect lower returns with more dollars at risk relative to investors in the first phase. One could argue the patent space has two separate and discrete risk/return profiles, depending on where the case is in its life cycle. Validity IP is presently working on a solution to this problem, which may encourage the litigation finance industry to pursue cases that currently get passed over, due to the presence of phase 1 risks. Edward Truant is the founder of Slingshot Capital Inc., an investor in the litigation finance industry (consumer and commercial) and a former partner in a mid-market leveraged buy-out private equity firm. Ed is currently designing a new fund focused on institutional investors who are seeking to make allocations to the commercial litigation finance asset class. Trey Hebert is a Director at Permentum Capital. Before joining Permentum, he practiced at Vinson & Elkins LLP, where he represented both plaintiffs and defendants in complex commercial litigation with an emphasis on patent and trade-secret disputes. He has represented clients in federal district and appellate courts and in international arbitration. Trey has first-hand experience with high-stakes, plaintiff-side representation in third party funded litigation. Validity provides core analytical and advisory services that assist clients in developing, optimizing, and asserting patent portfolios.  Validity is currently designing an innovative litigation fund to capitalize on patent opportunities in its network that are overlooked by traditional funders.