Trending Now
  • Sigma Funding Secures $35,000,000 Credit Facility, Bryant Park Capital Serves as Financial Advisor
Commercial

Access to Justice for Developing Countries: Third Party Funding for Sovereigns in WTO Disputes

October 4, 2017

Access to Justice for Developing Countries: Third Party Funding for Sovereigns in WTO Disputes

Guest Post by Mauritius Nagelmueller, who has been involved in the litigation finance industry for more than 10 years. Access to justice remains one of the prevailing issues within the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), especially for developing countries. To enforce the promise of a fairer trading system, developing country participation in the DSB must be improved, given that relationships between WTO members are predicated on power dynamics, rather than adherence to the rule of law. Third party funding has provided access to justice for claimants with meritorious claims, but with limited financial capacity in the private sector, as well as in investor-state disputes. The industry is also capable of leveling the playing field in the DSB, as it can be utilized by developing countries to finance a WTO dispute. An expansion of the current third party funding business model to include financing sovereigns in WTO disputes would create a win-win situation, by allowing developing countries to bring claims which they otherwise could not afford, and by granting third party funders the opportunity to adopt a more neutral stance towards sovereigns by providing their services in support, rather than in mere contention (as is the case today). And demand is significant, given that most obstacles to developing country participation in the DSB are related to costs, such as high-priced experts that must be brought on to account for a lack of expertise, the fear of economic pressure from the opposing state, and the lengthy proceedings which often place a strain on a developing country’s resources (member states estimate a time frame of 15 months from the request for consultations to the report of the Appellate Body. A period of at least 6 to 14 months should be added to this, as a reasonable period for the implementation of recommendations. Although this time frame is short in comparison to other international procedures, the financial hardship for developing countries can be fatal). The costs of initiating a dispute of medium complexity in the WTO are in the region of $500,000, however legal fees can sometimes exceed $10,000,000. In many cases, developing countries are forced to rely on the financial support of local industries affected by the dispute. This begs the question, why hasn’t there been an influx of third party funders into WTO dispute resolution? There are two chief concerns which seem to keep funders shying away. The first involves the typical remedies in WTO disputes, which regularly circumvent a direct financial compensation that the funder could benefit from. Still, complainants seek monetary benefits, be it through concessions (the losing country compensates the winning country with additional concessions equal to the original breach), or retaliation (the winning country withdraws concessions in that amount). A simple solution to this issue is for the winning party to provide a share of those benefits to the funder. One possibility is to assess the level of harm caused by the illegal measure challenged in the dispute, and accept that as a basis for the compensation of the funder. If the WTO Panel decisions are implemented, and the disputed measures that were found to be inconsistent with the WTO are withdrawn, a certain value of trade is not affected by those measures anymore and can be realized again. Affected industries, or the affected country, can set aside part of the gain to compensate the funder. In the case of compensation or the suspension of concessions, the complainant gains from increased tariff revenue, and is able to compensate the financing entity from a portion of the same. In any event, financial benefits of a winning party can be measured, and any compensation for the funder will represent only a minor percentage of the gained value of trade. The second main concern surrounds the area of enforceability, and whether WTO mechanisms would allow financing agreements. But those would have to be enforced in local courts, and the WTO DSB technically cannot rule on non-WTO agreement issues. However, there are provisions that allow the DSB to engage in arbitration if the parties both agree. A practical solution would therefore be to include an arbitration or dispute settlement provision in the financing agreement that operates outside of the DSB. Based on the aforementioned demand, as well as the practical solutions which can mitigate possible concerns, it is clear that external funding of WTO disputes can provide a flexible, independent and powerful alternative for developing countries to increase access to justice, as well as for developed countries to “outsource the risk” of a WTO dispute. It’s only a matter of time before third party funding makes its way into the WTO. ** A version of this article first appeared in International Economic Law and Policy Blog

Commercial

View All
Commercial

WinJustice Sees MENA Litigation Funding Go Mainstream by 2026

By John Freund |

Litigation funding in the Middle East and North Africa is expected to move decisively into the mainstream by 2026, as regulatory clarity, arbitration reform, and growing commercial awareness reshape how disputes are financed across the region. What was once viewed as a niche or unfamiliar concept is increasingly being recognized as a practical tool for managing risk, unlocking claims value, and improving access to justice in complex commercial matters.

An article in WinJustice Knowledge Hub outlines how litigation funding is evolving into a recognized asset class within the MENA legal ecosystem. The piece highlights how improved regulatory environments and more sophisticated arbitration frameworks are helping normalize third-party funding, particularly in international arbitration and cross-border disputes. Claims are increasingly assessed not simply as legal battles, but as financial assets that can be monetized and strategically managed. This shift is especially relevant for businesses facing capital constraints or seeking to preserve cash while pursuing high-value disputes.

The article also emphasizes the role of localized expertise in accelerating adoption. WinJustice positions itself as a regional player focused on aligning international funding practices with local legal cultures, court systems, and arbitration centers. By working closely with regional law firms and dispute resolution institutions, funders are helping bridge the gap between global capital and local claimants. Insolvency-related disputes and asset recovery cases are identified as particular areas of growth, reflecting broader economic and restructuring trends across the region.

As litigation funding becomes more familiar to courts, counsel, and corporate clients, the MENA market appears poised for accelerated growth. Increased competition among funders and greater sophistication among claimants may also lead to more standardized pricing and structures.

Commercial

Legal Firm Pogust Goodhead Flags Financial Uncertainty

By John Freund |

Pogust Goodhead, the high-profile claimant law firm behind a number of major group actions, has warned of material uncertainty over its ability to continue as a going concern after publishing long-overdue financial accounts. The disclosure adds another layer of scrutiny to a firm that has been at the centre of some of the largest and most complex funded claims currently working their way through the courts.

An article in City A.M. reports that Pogust Goodhead filed its accounts for the year ending December 31, 2022 well past the statutory deadline, with the documents including a statement from directors acknowledging significant financial uncertainty. According to the filing, the firm remains dependent on securing additional funding and successfully progressing large-scale litigation in order to meet its obligations as they fall due.

The accounts show that Pogust Goodhead continues to operate at a loss, reflecting the capital-intensive nature of large group actions that can take years to reach resolution. The firm has been involved in headline cases, including environmental and consumer claims, where substantial upfront legal costs are incurred long before any recovery is realised. Directors noted that delays, adverse rulings, or difficulties in accessing external capital could materially affect the firm’s financial position.

Despite these warnings, the firm stated that it is actively engaged with funders and other stakeholders and believes there is a reasonable prospect of obtaining sufficient support to continue operations. The accounts were prepared on a going concern basis, although auditors highlighted the uncertainty as a key area of emphasis rather than issuing a qualification.

The disclosure comes at a time when claimant firms and their funders are facing heightened scrutiny from regulators, politicians, and critics of litigation finance. Financial transparency, funding arrangements, and risk allocation between law firms and third-party capital providers are increasingly under the spotlight, particularly in the context of large, cross-border group actions.

Commercial Regulatory Issues

New Litigation Finance Trade Group Aims to Counter Hill Attacks

By John Freund |

A new trade association has launched with the goal of giving the litigation finance industry a stronger and more coordinated voice in Washington as lawmakers renew scrutiny of third-party funding. The American Civil Accountability Alliance has been formed to push back against what its founders describe as growing political and legislative hostility toward litigation finance, particularly on Capitol Hill.

An article in Bloomberg Law reports that the alliance was announced in early January by lawyers Erick Robinson and Charles Silver, who say the organization will focus on educating lawmakers and policymakers about the role litigation funding plays in promoting access to justice. According to the founders, third-party capital allows plaintiffs to pursue complex and costly claims that would otherwise be financially out of reach, helping to balance disparities between individual or corporate claimants and well-resourced defendants.

The group is launching at a time when litigation finance has faced an uptick in proposed regulation. In 2024, Senate legislation nearly imposed a steep tax on litigation funding profits, a proposal that funders warned would have severely damaged the industry had it passed. Although that measure was ultimately removed from a broader legislative package, additional proposals continue to circulate in Congress, including bills aimed at mandating disclosure of funding arrangements and restricting foreign investment in U.S. litigation.

The American Civil Accountability Alliance plans to position itself as an active counterweight to these efforts. The organization intends to hire a Washington-based lobbyist and expand its membership beyond funders to include law firms, litigators, and other stakeholders involved in the civil justice system. In doing so, it joins the International Legal Finance Association as one of the few organized advocacy groups representing the industry’s interests at the federal level.