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BURFORD CAPITAL PROVIDES 2020 BUSINESS UPDATE AND REINSTATES FULL DIVIDEND

Burford Capital Limited, the leading global finance and asset management firm focused on law, today released a business update on its 2020 activities. All figures in this disclosure are unaudited. Certain definitions are provided below; additional definitions, reconciliations and information are set out in Burford’s 2020 Interim Report, which is available on our website at the following address: www.burfordcapital.com/shareholders. As previously disclosed, Burford will announce full preliminary results for the year ended December 31, 2020 on March 24, 2021 at 08.00am EDT / 12.00pm GMT / 1.00pm CET. Introduction1 Burford had the best year in its history for portfolio performance, generating record levels of realized gain and more cash from successes than ever before. Burford ended the year with its highest-ever levels of cash liquidity, and its portfolio of ongoing matters is larger than it has ever been. Burford’s concluded case ROIC rose to its highest year-end level in our history. New business, which suffered from the effects of the pandemic in 1H 2020, snapped back in 2H 2020. Notably, Burford’s YPF-related assets (comprising the Petersen and Eton Park claims) did not contribute to earnings in 2020, for the first time in five years. Burford’s Group-wide total income crossed the half-billion-dollar mark in 2020 for the first time in our history, driven by significant asset realizations during the year. As our managed funds participated in a sizeable share of these realizations (which should generate performance fees for Burford in future years), Burford’s consolidated and balance sheet-only total income was largely flat in 2020 compared to 2019.  Profit after tax was down given modestly higher operating expenses and higher than normal book tax charges. Burford suspended its dividend in early 2020 due to uncertainty around the pandemic, but given the year’s performance and Burford’s strong liquidity position, the Board will recommend that shareholders approve at the Annual General Meeting a full resumption of the dividend at its previous annual level of 12.5 US cents per share, with a record date in June 2021. Although Burford did not pay an interim dividend in December 2020, we will nonetheless recommend payment of the entire full year dividend of 12.5 US cents per share in June 2021. Christopher Bogart, CEO, Burford Capital, commented: “2020 was another year of strong performance for Burford. We achieved record amounts of asset realizations from core litigation finance, which generated more realized gains and cash proceeds from case successes than ever before, driving our cumulative concluded case ROIC to an all-time year-end high of 92%. With cash on Burford’s balance sheet of $336 million at the end of 2020, we are in a strong position to fund the additional future growth we anticipate. We look to the remainder of 2021 with excitement.” Portfolio activity and returns Burford saw strong performance in its capital provision-direct business – its traditional, core legal finance business:
  • Group-wide realizations of $608 million, up 72% (2019: $354 million)
  • Balance sheet realizations of $336 million, up 47% (2019: $228 million)
Those realizations translated into record-breaking realized gains in the capital provision-direct business:
  • Group-wide realized gains of $361 million, up 103% (2019: $178 million)
  • Balance sheet realized gains of $179 million, up 48% (2019: $121 million)
Burford’s successes pushed its concluded case ROIC since inception to its highest-ever year-end level at 92% at December 31, 2020 (2019: 88%) on $1.6 billion of cumulative realizations. Burford’s 2020 realizations were lumpy, consistent with past experience, with an active first half and a slow second half. Even without a global pandemic, such volatility is to be expected from individual litigation matters and thus our portfolio. It is, therefore, difficult to identify the impact of the pandemic on realizations during 2H 2020. It is also difficult to predict the timing and impact of the post-pandemic environment on realizations as delayed cases may resolve alongside undisrupted matters or may be pushed out broadly across our capital provision assets. As the financing we provide often compensates Burford for the extension of a case’s duration, delay can give rise to increased income in successful recoveries where a time-based return component exists. Burford also generated $223 million in Group-wide realizations in 2020 from its capital provision-indirect portfolio, of which $173 million were for the balance sheet. Burford closed the year with the largest Group-wide portfolio in its history: $4.6 billion, up 8% (2019: $4.2 billion), representing a 53% CAGR over the last five years. Cash generation and liquidity (Burford balance sheet only) Almost all of our realizations turned into cash during 2020: the capital provision-direct business generated $325 million of cash proceeds, up 55% (2019: $210 million). The capital provision-indirect portfolio also produced $173 million in cash proceeds as Burford focused on accelerating resolutions in that portfolio in light of the pandemic, contributing to total cash receipts of $519 million. A substantial portion of the $281 million of due from settlement receivables at June 30, 2020 paid in cash during 2H 2020, such that due from settlement receivables at December 31, 2020 were only $30 million. Thus, Burford ended the year with a record-breaking level of liquidity: $336 million of cash and cash management assets, up 63% (2019: $206 million). New business We believe that new commitments were negatively affected by the pandemic in the first half of 2020. However, activity rebounded in the second half of 2020 to return to levels consistent with the second half of 2019, but not sufficiently to offset the slower first half.
  • Group-wide new capital provision-direct commitments were $570 million in 2020, down 40% (2019: $955 million)
    • 2H 2020: $454 million, down only 7% (2H 2019: $490 million)
  • Balance sheet new capital provision-direct commitments were $336 million in 2020, down 37% (2019: $530 million)
    • 2H 2020: $279 million, down only 2% (2H 2019: $285 million)
Burford did not make any new commitments to the capital provision-indirect portfolio in 2020, consistent with our previously disclosed approach. New deployments fell sharply in the first half of 2020 as courts closed and litigation matters (and therefore spending on those matters) slowed. Activity resumed in 2H 2020 and thus we saw significantly higher deployment levels than in 1H 2020, although activity remained below historical levels (and below 2H 2019 when we experienced an unusually high level of initial deployments on new commitments).
  • Group-wide capital provision-direct deployments were $368 million in 2020, down 27% (2019:  $501 million)
    • 2H 2020: $247 million, up 104% from 1H 2020 ($121 million), though down 26% from 2H 2019 ($335 million)
  • Balance sheet capital provision-direct deployments were $225 million in 2020, down 16% (2019:  $269 million)
    • 2H 2020: $158 million, up 136% from 1H 2020 ($67 million), though down 16% from 2H 2019 ($188 million)
Income statement metrics Burford is in the process of preparing its 2020 financial statements, which also are subject to audit; thus, the figures below are preliminary and subject to adjustment. As a reminder, Burford prepares its financial statements on a consolidated basis, which includes the results of certain funds and other entities we are required to consolidate. These consolidated results are different than both our Group-wide results (which include all of our non-consolidated funds as well) and Burford-only results, which exclude the consolidated funds. Burford’s overall portfolio performance was very strong on a cash basis; indeed, Group-wide total income exceeded $500 million for the first time. However, the structure of some of our investment funds means that the Burford balance sheet does not receive or recognize performance fees related to the fund portion of those successes until some future date given the funds’ “European” performance fee structure.  Moreover, 2020 was the first year in five years where Burford’s total income did not include any unrealized gain from the YPF-related assets. Thus, we expect to report the following results for 2020:
  • Total income: $345-355 million on a consolidated basis (2019: $366 million), $340-350 million Burford-only (2019: $357 million)
    • Excluding income from YPF-related assets, which accounted for over half of 2019’s total, 2020 total income rose by $170-$180 million, or by 95-101%, on a consolidated basis and by $175-$185 million, or by 104-109%, on a Burford-only basis.
  • Operating profit (consolidated and unadjusted Burford-only): $240-250 million (2019: $265 million)
    • Operating profit was affected by modestly higher general operating expenses consistent with Burford’s ongoing growth strategy, current expenses related to managing assets in funds where the related performance fees will occur in the future and expenses related to Burford’s New York Stock Exchange listing and other equity-related matters
  • Profit after tax (consolidated and unadjusted Burford-only): $160-170 million (2019: $212 million)
    • Profit after tax was impacted by a large book tax charge, as discussed in our interim report that does not reflect the much lower level of cash taxes actually paid
Covid-19 pandemic Burford’s business has been disrupted considerably less by the pandemic than might have been feared a year ago. To be sure, we saw slowdowns in new business during the first half of 2020, but then a rebound during the second half of the year. Courts and arbitral tribunals have adjusted their processes, although jury trials remain largely suspended. Doubtless we will see some elongation of the lives of some matters, but we have not seen any matters discontinue nor have any parties become insolvent. Our team has adjusted to remote work without much effort. We will not be entirely back to normal until people can safely gather in groups indoors, but we have certainly weathered this terrible time much better than many – and the future likely includes an uptick in disputes and, therefore, financing opportunities for Burford. Definitions and use of alternative performance measures We report our financial results under International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”). IFRS requires us to present financials that consolidate some of the limited partner interests in funds we manage as well as assets held by our balance sheet where we have a partner or minority investor. We therefore refer to various presentations of our financial results as:
    • Consolidated refers to assets, liabilities and activities that include those third-party interests, partially owned subsidiaries and special purpose vehicles that we are required to consolidate under IFRS accounting. This presentation conforms to the presentation of Burford on a consolidated basis in our financials. The major entities consolidated into Burford include the Strategic Value Fund, BOF-C (our arrangement with a Sovereign Wealth Fund) and several entities in which Burford holds investments where there is also a third-party partner in or owner of those entities. Note that in our financial statements, our consolidated presentation is referred to as Group.
    • Burford-only, Burford standalone, Burford balance sheet only, “balance sheet” or similar terms refers to assets, liabilities and activities that pertain only to Burford itself, excluding any third-party interests and the portions of jointly owned entities owned by others.
    • Group-wide refers to Burford and its managed funds taken together, including those portions of the funds owned by third parties and including funds that are not consolidated into Burford’s consolidated financials. In addition to the consolidated funds, Group-wide includes the Partners funds (our first three core litigation finance funds), Burford Opportunity Fund and Burford Alternative Income Fund and its predecessor.
We refer to our capital provision assets in two categories:
  • Direct, which includes all our legal finance assets (including those generated by asset recovery and legal risk management activities) that we have made directly (i.e., not through participation in a fund) from our balance sheet. We also include direct (not through a fund) complex strategies assets in this category.
  • Indirect, which includes our balance sheet’s participations in one of our funds. Currently, this category is comprised entirely of our position in the Burford Strategic Value Fund.
We also use certain Alternative Performance Measures (“APMs”), which are not presented in accordance with IFRS, to measure the performance of certain of our assets including:
  • Return on invested capital (ROIC) means the absolute amount of realizations from a concluded asset divided by the amount of expenditure incurred in funding that asset, expressed as a percentage figure. In this release, when we refer to our concluded case ROIC, we are referring to the ROIC on concluded and partially concluded capital provision direct assets on Burford’s balance sheet since the inception of the company until the current date.
  • Compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is the annual rate of return that would be required for a sum to grow from its beginning balance to its end balance, assuming reinvestment at the end of each year.
Our business activities include:
  • Legal finance, which includes our traditional core litigation finance activities in which we are providing clients with financing against the future value of legal claims. It also encompasses our asset recovery and legal risk management activities, which often are provided to the same clients.
  • Complex strategies encompasses our activities providing capital as a principal in legal-related assets, often securities, loans and other financial assets where a significant portion of the expected return arises from the outcome of legal or regulatory activity. Most of our complex strategies activities over the past several years have been conducted through our Strategic Value Fund.
  • Post-settlement finance includes our financing of legal-related assets in situations where litigation has been resolved, such as financing of settlements and law firm receivables.
  • Asset management includes our activities administering the funds we manage for third-party investors.
Other terms we use include:
  • Cash receipts provide a measure of the cash that Burford’s business generates during a given year. In particular, cash receipts represent the cash generated from operations, including cash proceeds from realized assets, before any deployments into funding existing or new assets. Cash receipts are calculated as the cash proceeds from our capital provision assets, including cash proceeds from related hedging assets, plus cash income from asset management fees, services and other income.
  • Commitment is the amount of financing we agree to provide for a legal finance asset. Commitments can be definitive (requiring us to provide funding on a schedule, or more often, when certain expenses are incurred) or discretionary (only requiring us to provide funding after reviewing and approving a future matter). Unless otherwise indicated, commitments include deployed cost and undrawn commitments.
  • Deployment refers to the funding provided for an asset, which adds to Burford’s invested cost in that asset. We use the term interchangeably with addition.
  • Deployed cost is the amount of funding we have provided for an asset as of the applicable point in time.
  • Liquidity refers to the amount of cash and cash management assets on our balance sheet.
  • Portfolio refers to the total amount of our capital provision and post-settlement assets, valued at deployed cost plus any fair value adjustments and any undrawn commitments.
  • Realization: A legal finance asset is realized when the asset is concluded (when litigation risk has been resolved). A realization will result in Burford receiving cash or, occasionally, some other asset or recognizing a due from settlement receivable, reflecting what Burford is owed on the asset. We use the term interchangeably with recovery.
  • Realized gain/loss refers to the total amount of gain or loss generated by a legal finance asset when it is realized, calculated simply as realized proceeds less deployed funds, without regard for any previously recognized fair value adjustment.
  • Unadjusted Burford-only refers to Burford-only income metrics without adjustment, as presented in prior years, to exclude the impact of intangible amortization and certain other expenses.
  • YPF-related assets refers to our Petersen and Eton Park legal finance assets, which are two claims relating to Argentina’s nationalization of YPF, the Argentine energy company.
About Burford Capital Burford Capital is the leading global finance and asset management firm focused on law. Its businesses include litigation finance and risk managementasset recovery and a wide range of legal finance and advisory activities. Burford is publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE: BUR) and the London Stock Exchange (LSE: BUR), and it works with law firms and clients around the world from its principal offices in New York, London, Chicago, Washington, Singapore and Sydney. For more information, please visit www.burfordcapital.com. This communication shall not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any ordinary shares or other securities of Burford. This release does not constitute an offer of any Burford fund. Burford Capital Investment Management LLC ("BCIM"), which acts as the fund manager of all Burford funds, is registered as an investment adviser with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. The information provided herein is for informational purposes only. Past performance is not indicative of future results. The information contained herein is not, and should not be construed as, an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities (including, without limitation, interests or shares in the funds). Any such offer or solicitation may be made only by means of a final confidential Private Placement Memorandum and other offering documents. Forward-looking statements This announcement contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 21E of the US Securities Exchange Act of 1934 regarding assumptions, expectations, projections, intentions and beliefs about future events. These statements are intended as “forward-looking statements”. In some cases, predictive, future-tense or forward-looking words such as “aim”, “anticipate”, “believe”, “continue”, “could”, “estimate”, “expect”, “forecast”, “guidance”, “intend”, “may”, “plan”, “potential”, “predict”, “projected”, “should” or “will” or the negative of such terms or other comparable terminology are intended to identify forward-looking statements, but are not the exclusive means of identifying such statements. In addition, we and our representatives may from time to time make other oral or written statements which are forward-looking statements, including in our periodic reports that we file with the US Securities and Exchange Commission, other information sent to our security holders, and other written materials. By their nature, forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors because they relate to events and depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future. We caution you that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are based on  numerous assumptions and that our actual results of operations, including our financial condition and liquidity and the development of the industry in which we operate, may differ materially from (and be more negative than) those made in, or suggested by, the forward-looking statements contained in this report. Significant factors that may cause actual results to differ from those we expect include those discussed in “Item 3, Key Information – D. Risk Factors” in our registration statement on Form 20-F filed with the US Securities and Exchange Commission on September 11, 2020. In addition, even if our results of operations, including our financial condition and liquidity and the development of the industry in which we operate, are consistent with the forward-looking statements contained in this report, those results or developments may not be indicative of results or developments in subsequent periods. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise the forward-looking statements contained in this report, whether as a result of new information, future events, a change in our views or expectations or otherwise.

Neil Woodford Announces New Investment Firm

After a forced liquidation in 2019, Neil Woodford is back. The former “Oracle of Oxford” announced his new business venture, WCM Partners, after a public apology for what transpired in his last business. The new venture will be based in Jersey and Buckinghamshire. The Guardian reports that a recent Sunday Telegraph interview included an apology for losses at the Woodford Equity Income Fund. The fund was disrupted by a short-selling attack against legal funder Burford Capital, leading to a massive drop in Burford share price that led to an eventual liquidation of Woodford's fund. In the interview, Woodford asserted that investor capital could have been recovered had the firm not been forced into liquidation. In addition to Burford Capital, Woodford’s previous investments included Purplebricks and Provident Financial. Prior to the liquidation, Woodford was criticized for investing in small, private companies that were difficult to sell. It’s noteworthy that an investigation into Woodford’s last venture by the Financial Conduct Authority has not been published. One might think that a prerequisite before regaining investor confidence—especially since some of Woodford’s previous investors have yet to receive the last of their money back, and many others suffered steep losses. Woodford did claim responsibility for the underperformance of his investment strategies, and said he was “very sorry.” Woodford’s comments are unlikely to elicit any sympathy, since he earned millions in dividends just before the firm collapsed. He claimed he’s been forced to sell one of his homes, worth about GBP 30 million. Woodford states that his last failed venture shouldn’t be the epitaph of his illustrious career, even as he understands that investors may be understandably reluctant to trust him in the future.

Changes in Disclosure Laws Threaten Class Actions

Treasurer Josh Frydenberg continues his assault on class actions by making permanent what was meant to be a temporary regulatory shield. The extension of the COVID-inspired policy means that corporations breaching their disclosure obligations may now only be subjected to civil penalties in situations where they acted knowingly and with negligence or recklessness. Financial Review details that before COVID, disclosure rules were more strict. A shareholder lawsuit could be pursued when company officers did not disclose relevant information—regardless of the intent. This makes sense, as the intent doesn’t negate shareholder losses. ASIC is still able to prosecute criminal breaches when they occur, but unless malicious intent can be established, shareholders are unlikely to see their day in court. Meanwhile, Frydenberg claims that these are necessary changes needed to ensure that litigation funders face even more regulatory scrutiny. The treasurer also suggested that class actions backed by third-party funding should register as managed investment schemes.   As one might expect, big business is strongly in favor of the new policy. It was also recommended by the Parliamentary Joint Committee for Corporations and Financial Services. Frydenberg claims that this puts Australia’s policies more in line with those in the UK and US courts. Opponents of the measure suggest that it’s another in a long line of ways in which Frydenberg besmirches litigation funders with accusations of ‘opportunistic’ or even ‘frivolous’ class actions. Essentially, companies and officers will not be held liable for conduct that is deceptive or misleading, unless “fault” is also proven. Without the realistic threat of shareholder class actions, what’s to stop companies from engaging in deception or misleading shareholders? Still, the recent parliamentary inquiry was not complimentary toward legal funding, asserting that it “uses” the justice system to generate a return on investment.

Law Firm Panels and General Counsel

More often than not, corporate legal departments have their own preferred provider network of law firm partners. Periodically, these networks are reevaluated and updated to streamline strategy or control costs. These occasional reviews have become more frequent, and requests for proposals (RFPs) are up 25% from where they were in 2017. As restructuring and budget shortfalls are becoming increasingly common thanks to COVID, these panel reviews are likely to continue.

Burford Capital explains that while corporate legal departments are retooling and adapting, partnering with a legal finance company may make a lot of sense. Risk-sharing, for example, by entering a portfolio funding arrangement—can help buttress otherwise stressed balance sheets.

In-house lawyers often say that they’ve chosen not to pursue valid, promising legal claims due to cost. By leveraging legal finance, firms in that situation could simply use non-recourse funding to increase liquidity at the same time they lower their own risk.

Legal finance may help achieve many of the goals GCs pursue, as they review their legal networks. The expertise of established litigation funders is a boon to any legal team. Their experience is more likely to lie in vetting cases, possibly filling a knowledge gap within the existing team.

Legal finance makes budgeting easier by increasing the certainty of incoming funds. Funders can be utilized not just for the funds themselves, but for strategic purposes as well. In addition to expertise and a winning track record, funders should be well-financed and open to transparency. Scale is also important, so it’s vital to choose a funder that can meet your legal finance needs.

Establishing and evaluating legal partner relationships should be a regular occurrence for GCs. The time to reevaluate isn’t after a meritorious case emerges. The key is to be ready to strike when the opportunity presents itself.

COVID is Spurring Litigation Funding in India

As COVID continues to ravage businesses, insolvencies and breach of contract lawsuits have skyrocketed. In India, businesses are enduring a crash in sales and revenue. They also lack the mechanisms needed to effectively address the sharp rise in litigation. Legal Desire explains that when a business wants to pursue a valid legal claim, but doesn’t want to invest resources—third-party funding can be beneficial. The pandemic is one of the reasons Litigation Finance is gaining in popularity in India, which has an enormous legal market. Investors outside the country are now looking at India as a new horizon within which their investments might come to fruition. Until recently, India was focused on whether or not existing laws covering champerty and similar concepts forbade the practice. Over the last few years, litigation funding has been determined by top legal minds to be permissible. Now, the legal world will examine how the practice will be regulated. Some legal firms in India have already embraced third-party legal funding thanks to their international clients. Funders like Vannin Capital and Augusta have already funded cases in Indian courts. The founding of the Indian Association for Litigation Finance is another big step forward for the industry. Like similar groups around the world, including the ILFA, the organization is poised to increase confidence in the industry and to self-regulate, while working to educate clients and firms about the practice. Due to the havoc caused by COVID, litigation funding has become a highly attractive concept for investors, because it’s not correlated with the rest of the market. Global investors seem ready to put their money in India, as they have in the past with funders in the US, UK, and Australia, among others. This promises increased opportunities within the industry, as well as a sharp rise in access to justice for those who need it most.

Plaintiffs Settle in Kiwifruit Vine Disease Case

A settlement between kiwifruit growers and the Crown has finally been reached. Ray Smith, director of the Ministry for Primary Industries has stated that all parties agreed to move forward and bring the case—which has been running since 2014—to a close. Fresh Plaza details that the case revolves around what plaintiffs described as ‘actionable negligence’ connected to the government allowing Psa into the country in 2010. Psa is a vine disease that impacts kiwifruit. Smith went on to say that it makes sense to settle, given the claimant’s legal costs and those of litigation funders. In his opinion, the settlement does acknowledge the losses of those in the kiwifruit sector. The settlement means the planned Supreme Court trial will not take place. Since Psa was identified, New Zealand has improved its import process dramatically.

Mastercard Class Action Back in Court in March

Roughly 45 million Mastercard holders are represented in a class action against the credit giant. Accused of using ‘interchange fees’ to charge unreasonably high prices, Mastercard faces a claim that could be worth GBP 14 billion. Law Gazette explains that a remote certification hearing is scheduled for March 25-26, and will determine whether a collective proceedings order will be granted. The case, funded by Innsworth, is the first to be brought under the collective action regime found in the Consumer Rights Act 2015.

Funding Asia-Pacific Insolvency Claims

It’s no secret that an increase in insolvency filings looms on the horizon. Debt restructuring, government relief programs, and belt-tightening can only take a business so far. What many businesses don’t realize is that third-party legal funding can provide financial wiggle room. Omni Bridgeway shared a webinar panel discussion relating to insolvency claims across Asia-Pacific. It included Tom Glasgow and Heather Collins of Omni Bridgeway, Patrick Cowley of KPMG China, and David Walker of Allen & Overy. It was expected that an avalanche of insolvency would arrive in 2020. But thanks to government programs, that didn’t happen. However, global vaccination efforts may enable governments to scale back help to businesses—leading to more insolvencies.  Insolvency Practitioners are one group that can benefit from the use of legal funding. This can help cover legal expenses associated with recovery. Heather Collins explains that for an IP claim, a funder should be the third phone call made after the bank and lawyer. Funders can become involved at any point—but those in the know say earlier is better. Globally, the usage of third party funding will play out in different ways. In Hong Kong and Singapore, for example, lawyers are not permitted to work on contingency. This may mean that these territories will soon begin considering new types of funding.

International Arbitration Trends

A global pandemic may have brought sweeping changes, but it hasn’t slowed the filing of new cases. Early numbers suggest that new cases are being filed at about the same levels as the previous year, or higher. ICSID reported 58 new ICSID Convention and Additional Facility arbitrations last year—the most ever. SIAC also reported a record-high number of new cases, topping 1,000 for the first time ever. Burford Capital details several new trends in international arbitration. Remote conferencing, document sharing, virtual signatures, and other tech advancements have led to challenges and even postponements. But overall, the industry has embraced technological advancements that mitigate the barriers put up by COVID. Corporate liquidity has been an ongoing concern during the pandemic. Interest in Litigation Finance, and portfolio funding, in particular, have skyrocketed since the impact of COVID. But the main source of contention with regard to third-party legal finance continues to be disclosure. ICC Rules of Arbitration went into effect in January, which will require that third-party funders be identified in the interest of avoiding conflicts of interest, or appearances thereof. Some speculate that this may lead to an uptick in frivolous applications for securities for costs. Meanwhile, the LCIAs updated rules took effect in October of last year, and do not require disclosure when third-party funding is used. An upcoming UNCITRAL Working Group is undertaking arbitration reform, with legal finance being one of several issues up for discussion. It is not expected that the Working Group recommendations will lead to new laws or reforms by the end of 2021. The Energy Charter Treaty will undergo another round of negotiations in the ongoing modernization process. After this, new provisions may be vetted to ensure that any updates comport with existing EU law. As funders continue to adapt to new circumstances, monetizations and other tools are sure to broaden their usage over the coming months.