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Commercial Litigation Finance: How Big is This Thing?

The following article is part of an ongoing column titled ‘Investor Insights.’ 

Brought to you by Ed Truant, founder and content manager of Slingshot Capital, ‘Investor Insights’ will provide thoughtful and engaging perspectives on all aspects of investing in litigation finance. 

Executive Summary

MarketAustralia (AUS$)UK (£)USA (US$)
Implied Commitment CapacityAUS $1B£2BUS $10B
Implied Annual commitments1AUS $333MM£667MMUS $3.3B

The chart above summarizes the results of quantifying the size of the most mature markets for litigation finance.  If you were to attempt to perform the same analysis three years ago, I suspect you would find that the industry was less than half its current size.  Accordingly, it is a dynamic and growing market that should be on most investors’ radar screens if you are interested in non-correlated exposures.

Investor Insights

  • Growing, dynamic market
  • Diversification is critical to responsible investing; “tail risk” can be significant
  • Relatively few managers with long track records
  • New investors should focus on the small subset of experienced fund managers

Approach and Limitation of Sizing

I am often asked about the size of the commercial litigation finance market by individual and institutional investors alike, whether relative to the US market or other large global markets. I often hesitate to answer the question as the answer is dependent on an element of transparency not currently inherent in the industry itself.  Nevertheless, I think it is important for all stakeholders to understand the size of an industry, so investors can determine whether it has the scale and growth attributes necessary to justify a long-term approach to investing in the sector.

However, before I describe the approaches taken, I think it is important to recognize the limitations of attempting to size the industry, as past estimates have varied wildly.

Limitation #1: Dedicated Funds vs. Opaque Capital Pools vs. Non-Organized Capital Pools

While there are many dedicated litigation funders (“Funders”) servicing the global marketplace, both private and publicly-traded, they only represent a portion of the available financing for the industry (especially in the US). Even the Funders that service the market are relatively private about the amount of capital they have available and the amount of capital they deploy annually (not to mention committed capital vs. drawn capital).  On the odd occasion, you will have a funder trumpet their latest close size, but it is often just a headline number and you are left wondering exactly what it means as it could be inclusive of co-invest capacity, side cars, discretionary separately managed accounts, etc.

Then there are the Opaque Capital Pools.  These are the hedge funds, the multi-strategy funds with a sliver of their fund dedicated to litigation finance, merchant banks, credit funds, etc.  Even PIMCO, the world’s largest bond fund, has allocated capital to one of the UK funders (a tiny allocation for PIMCO, but perhaps the ‘thin edge of the wedge,’ if they achieve success).  The problem from a data perspective is that many of these funding sources don’t disclose how much of their capital has been allocated to litigation finance, as they don’t necessarily want the world, or their competitors, to know where they are investing.

Finally, there are a host of other financiers in the marketplace, which I will refer to as Disorganized Capital Pools.  These are the lawyers, law firms, High Net Worth (HNW) and Ultra HNW (UHNW) individual investors, family offices and the like that have decided they want exposure to single case risks or portfolios thereof.  Investors who have not dedicated a lot of time and attention to the asset class are probably best served by investing in a series of funds, as opposed to going direct with one manager or a series of individual cases.

Often times, the second and third categories are what I call flexible pools of capital, meaning that if they achieve success in investing they will allocate more capital, and if they don’t have a positive experience they will retreat and ‘run-off’ their remaining investments, and “chalk that one up to experience”.   The Opaque Capital Pools and Disorganized Capital Pools are what I refer to as “Non-Fund Investors”.  Accordingly, due to the flexibility and private nature of the Opaque and Disorganized Capital Pools, it is difficult to determine the exact amount of capital they represent at any given point in time.

Limitation #2: Financing Fees vs. Financing Out of Pocket

There is a distinction in the industry between financing legal fees (which is not always possible in all jurisdictions) and financing out-of-pocket expenses (court costs, discovery costs, expert reports, etc.).  There is also a third bucket where financiers will provide “working capital” as part of their litigation finance commitment. Funds which provide working capital are grounded in a belief by the Funder that the piece of litigation has value, and if the value exceeds the various costs necessary to pursue the case, then they are comfortable providing any excess capital to the business for working capital purposes.  The other aspect to working capital is that the litigation funder does not want to find itself in the middle of litigation with an insolvent enterprise where the management team is no longer focused on the litigation prize, and so they argue it is in their best interest to keep the company solvent while the litigation is being pursued.  Arguably, working capital loans belong in the world of specialty finance, not litigation finance, but in this case the underlying security is the outcome of the litigation.

The reason I draw the first distinction is because it could be argued that a large segment of litigation finance is already being provided through contingent fee arrangements, which have been in existence for decades in the US, but have been the sole purview of lawyers.  Should these contingent fees count towards industry sizing?  I think a logical argument can be made that they should be included, as these are funds that could or would otherwise be provided by a third-party litigation funder, but then again, they will never be funded by Funders. Some people believe that law firms are taking the best cases for themselves and the litigation funding industry is fighting for the cast-offs (termed ‘adverse selection risk’).  I don’t necessarily subscribe to this theory, as the high success rates in the Litigation Finance industry support the notion that good cases are being undertaken by third party funders.

Interestingly, one of the world’s largest law firms, Kirkland & Ellis, recently announced that they are going to double down on their contingent fee arrangements through the establishment of a plaintiff side litigation group, which was previously the sole purview of scrappy plaintiff side lawyers (many of whom have achieved tremendous financial success in doing so). Perhaps the grass really is greener…

For the purpose of this article, I have assumed that contingent fees are not included in the industry sizing exercise.

Limitation #3: It’s Getting Global

A few years ago, the various funders were entrenched in their local jurisdictions and happy to toil away in their own back yards. Then something interesting happened.  It got global, fast!  Over the last 3-5 years, the industry saw litigation funders move outside of their home base, and do so in a significant way.  UK funders moved into the US, Australian funders moved into the US and UK, UK funders moved into Australia, and more recently, some funders figured my host country, Canada, was also an interesting opportunity.  Is this a reflection of their local markets being saturated, or is this a global ‘land grab’? I point this out because when you analyze pools of capital by litigation funders, you cannot solely look at where that funder is domiciled and conclude their capital is solely dedicated to their home country.  Some funders, like IMF Bentham, have set up dedicated pools to service the US and other pools to service Rest of World (i.e. ex-US).  Other funders do not have dedicated pools, but look for the best risk-adjusted opportunities around the globe, or in specific markets in which they are comfortable investing (typically other English common law or common law derived markets, but not necessarily so).  I say this because the available data forces one to look at global litigation funding sizing, as it is difficult to know where the funder will deploy its capital.  This doesn’t even consider foreign exchange rate fluctuations and their effect on industry sizing – the Brexit impact on the GBP would have had a significant impact on the USD equivalent alone.

Limitation #4: Cultural Differences and Punitive Damages

There is no arguing that the US is a much more permissive culture in terms of utilizing litigation to settle differences – ‘nothin’ like a good gun fight to settle a dispute’, one might say.  This means that while the size of the litigation industry is much larger, one could argue that you have to parse out the less meritorious claims to find the jewels that litigation finance would support – their money is not frivolous, hence the cases they fund are also not frivolous. Accordingly, when you look at the size of the entire industry, you must assign a lower litigation funding applicability rate in the US because of the aggressive nature of the claim environment (i.e. while the US legal market is much larger because the culture is more permissive, there are a smaller percentage of claims that attract litigation finance).

The second and more important issue, is the relative extent of punitive damages in the American civil justice system vs other civil justice systems.  There is no doubt – and it has been well documented through empirical evidence – that awards are larger in the US.  Accordingly, this would suggest that comparing data from other jurisdictions and applying that to try and size the US market, or any other market for that matter, is somewhat limiting.

In addition, each market has its own nuances and peculiarities, and so it is very difficult to compare different jurisdictions and draw solid conclusions.  All of the aforementioned would suggest the industry is difficult to size with any degree of accuracy.  I think there is some truth to that supposition.

Limitation #5 – What is included in “Commercial”?

While the commercial litigation finance market is generally defined to include financing of litigation involving two corporate entities, the funders involved in the space have expanded the definition to include, amongst other things, Investor-State, product class action and insolvency cases where there is typically not another commercial entity on the other side of the dispute, but rather a sovereign, a set of consumers or an individual (director or shareholder), respectively.  Accordingly, the commercial litigation finance funders have expanded the definition of what is included in the market by including large, complex cases involving non-commercial entities.  Nevertheless, these cases are typically financed by commercial litigation finance funders and should be captured in the size estimates.

So, with all of the limitations above, I have tried to approach industry sizing using a pair of different approaches: micro and macro.

Macro Perspective: 

When looking at it from a macro perspective, I like to focus on one of the more mature markets for litigation finance and draw inferences – that market being Australia.

Australia is a common law market; it has been utilizing litigation finance for close to two decades, and therefore is one of the more mature markets, which suggests market penetration for Litigation Finance is relatively high.  The one limitation of using Australia as a benchmark is that the jurisdiction generally does not allow contingent fees, so arguably, litigation finance levels are higher because lawyers are not able to put their fees at risk, hence their fees are financed by Funders.  I also believe Australia has fewer Non-Funder investors than the United States, and so we can likely draw better conclusions about the size of their market by looking at the active funders there.

The following chart attempts to put the relative markets into perspective.

CountryContingent FeesAdverse CostsLitigation CultureLegal MarketFunding Type
USYesNoPermissive$437B USLegal fees, working capital & disbursements
UKYesYesModerate£29B GBPLegal fees & disbursements
AustraliaNoYesModerate$21B AUDLegal Fees, disbursements & indemnities

So, if one considers the Dedicated Funds in Australia, and tries to estimate the amount of capital they have dedicated to the local industry and compare that to the overall size of the litigation market (a number that is fairly well tracked), we can see that the Australian market is approximately AUS$200-300MM in annual commitments, and has commitment capacity of about 2-3 times that, or $500-750MM (using the mid-point).  This would suggest that litigation finance – in terms of annual commitments – represents about 1 to 1.5% of their $21B legal market (where the “legal market” is the market for all legal services, not just those dedicated to litigation).

Applying the same methodology to the UK market, and adjusting for the fact that contingent fees are more prevalent in the UK, one could argue that the UK market, being younger than the Australian market, should be less penetrated, with less capital being required due to contingent fees.  Perhaps the litigation finance market is closer to 1% of the legal market, or approximately £290MM and commitment capacity of 2-3 times that amount of £600-900MM.

Extending this logic to the US market, and allowing for a strong punitive damage system, strong contingent fee usage and a low relative penetration rate, we can surmise that the market is similarly close to 1% of the size of its legal market, or $4B in annual commitments with commitment capacity of 2-3 times that or $8-12B.

MarketAustralia (AUS$)UK (£)USA (US$)
Commitment CapacityAUS $500-750MM£600-900MMUS $8-12B
Annual CommitmentsAUS $ 2-300MM£250-350MMUS $3-4B

Micro Perspective:

The other approach to sizing the market is to build up the annual commitments and the commitment capacity on an investor-by-investor basis.  Westfleet Advisors has recently published a “Buyer’s Guide” to estimate the size of the US market using this approach, and their results seem to correlate with the approach I have used below.  The difference in results between our two approaches results from the size of the non-fund sources of capital, and my approach is admittedly a best guess estimate.  Nevertheless, I have used the following assumptions to try and triangulate the market sizes.  I took my knowledge of the various funders’ commitment capacity in each of the jurisdictions to determine the total commitment capacity of the market, and then I interpolated the size of the total market by estimating what percent of funding is represented by these Dedicated Funds.

MarketAustralia (AUS$)UK (£)USA (US$)
Fund Commitment CapacityAUS $1B£1.6BUS $5B
% of Market represented by Funders100%80%50%
Implied Commitment CapacityAUS $1B£2BUS $ 10B
Implied Annual commitments1AUS $333MM£667MMUS $3.3B
1 Annual commitments determined by dividing the Commitment Capacity by 3 (typical fund investment period, assuming extensions)

Conclusion

The two approaches seem to triangulate fairly well, and are buttressed by the micro analysis performed by WestFleet in the US market.  Accordingly, I think the two approaches provide a high-level view of the amount of capital available and annual commitments for the various jurisdictions.  While I would not rely on the exact figures, I believe the numbers are directionally correct, and provide investors with an order of magnitude assessment of the current market as to whether this market provides sufficient scale to justify a long-term exposure to the asset class, or whether investors should consider it a more opportunistic investment within one of their niche strategies or pools of capital.

While the industry is presently not sizable enough to attract many large pension plans and sovereign wealth funds that typically invest no less than $100’s of million at a time, it is quickly achieving a level of scale that has become attractive to some larger investors. By example, a large sovereign wealth fund has made a US$667MM commitment to Burford’s 2019 Private Partnership through a separately managed account.  The remaining external capital, $300 million, was provided by a series of small and medium-sized investors rumoured to include family offices, foundations, endowments and the like.  Whereas this scale of investor would not have invested in the asset class even three years ago, it appears the more aggressive of these investors have decided this is an asset class that merits serious consideration and investment, and I expect more to follow.

Investor Insight: For investors interested in investing in one of the truly non-correlated asset classes, they would be best to spend the time to analyze the various managers in the sector, of which there are relatively few on a global basis that I would consider “institutional” in nature.  They would also be well served to focus on those few managers with  a track record that includes fully realized funds, of which there are even fewer, or be prepared to spend the time and resources to assess the unrealized portion of those managers’ portfolios as ‘tail risk’ in this industry can be significant depending on the concentration of the portfolio.  As always, diversification is a key success factor to investing in this asset class as the idiosyncratic risk of cases and the binary nature of trial/arbitral awards make it particularly well suited for the application of portfolio theory.

Edward Truant is the founder of Slingshot Capital Inc. and an investor in the consumer and commercial litigation finance industry.

Commercial

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Federal Court Approves $180m Settlement in Northern Territory Stolen Wages Class Action

By Harry Moran |

The combined strength of experienced law firms and well-resourced litigation funders can be a powerful tool for disadvantaged communities seeking justice and compensation from state authorities. However, a recent settlement approval order in Australia was notable for the judge’s pointed questioning of the commercial business model behind these class actions, which sees law firms and funders receive significant payments whilst the victims they represent receive comparatively meagre compensation.

An article in ABC News covers the approval of a $180 million settlement in the Northern Territory stolen wages class action, bringing to an end the claim brought against the Commonwealth of Australia over historic mistreatment of Aboriginal workers in the Northern Territory between 1933 and 1971. Whilst Chief Justice Debra Mortimer approved the settlement along with the related payouts to Shine Lawyers and LLS Fund Services for the claimants, her written judgment raised many questions about the costs accumulated by the legal team and the relatively low value of compensation that the workers would receive.

The judgment approved payments of up to $15 million to Shine Lawyers for legal costs, and a funder’s commission of up to $31.5 million to LLS Fund Services. However, Chief Justice Mortimer’s judgment also contained criticism for both these parties, stating that their “good intentions” in supporting the claimants has been somewhat overshadowed by “the pursuit of the business model”. Mortimer expressed doubt that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities would “see much social justice” in an outcome where these “city based non-indigenous participants in this proceeding come out with so much money compared to their family and friends.”

The settlement in the Northern Territory lawsuit is the latest in a series of similar class actions brought against the Australian state, with previous settlements having been reached with the Western Australia and Queensland state governments.

The full judgment from Chief Justice Mortimer in McDonald v Commonwealth of Australia can be read here.

Community Spotlights

Community Spotlight: Nick Tsacoyeanes, Managing Director & Counsel, Blue Sky Advisors

By John Freund |

Nick Tsacoyeanes is a founding partner of Blue Sky Advisors and serves as a Managing Director & Counsel at the firm. Nick has spent his career working closely with pension funds, mutual funds, hedge funds and other institutional investors as an attorney and investment consultant.  

Company Name and Description: Blue Sky Advisors is a consulting firm that works with institutional investors and others in the capital markets to address corporate misconduct and serious governance failures. 

The firm provides clients with research into corporate misconduct and a variety of related consulting services. The team includes former securities litigators, chief investment officers, governance experts, litigation consultants and top officials at large state pension funds. 

Blue Sky monitors global stock markets and court dockets daily to detect corporate misconduct that may impact capital markets—often before litigation is filed. This includes material securities devaluations linked to alleged misconduct, significant government and regulatory actions, and newly filed or developing securities fraud cases.

Blue Sky Advisors’ subscriber list includes pension funds, mutual funds, hedge funds, AmLaw 100 law firms, boutique litigation firms, accounting firms, insurance companies as well as a variety of other institutional investors. 

Please contact Nick Tsacoyeanes at ntsacoyeanes@blueskyadvise.com to learn more about Blue Sky’s research and consulting services.

Company Website: www.blueskyadvise.com

Year Founded: 2022

Headquarters: Boston, MA

Key Takeaways from LFJ’s Virtual Town Hall: Spotlight on Patents & Trade Secrets

By John Freund |

On Thursday, April 17th, LFJ hosted a virtual town hall featuring key stakeholders in the legal funding for patents and trade secrets markets. The panel featured Anup Misra (AM), Managing Director of IP at Curiam, Robin Davis (RD), Director at Fortress Investment Group, Erick Robinson (ER), Partner and Co-Chair of the PTAB Practice Group at Brown Rudnick, and Scott Davis (SD), Partner at Klarquist Sparkman. The panel was moderated by Salumeh Loesch (SL), Founder at Loesch Patents, LLC.

Below are key takeaways from the panel discussion:

Do you feel like in the litigation world generally, that there is a greater interest in trade secret enforcement and litigation just because of the difficulties with patent enforcement? Do you feel like there's a growing interest from the funder's perspective to fund trade secret cases?

AM: I think every funder is going to be a little bit different on how interested they are in trade secrets litigation. Just to be perfectly candid, for example, Curium has not typically been as interested in this because collectively in our practices and in funding, we haven't had the best experiences with trade secret cases. Other funders, though, probably love trade secret cases.

Now, that's not to say we won't do them. And we certainly see more of them. And we're certainly seeing a lot more sort of combo trade secret / patent litigation, which I think is extremely interesting for funders. And if you can manage that, it really puts your case on the upper shelf of what funders are going to consider.

I want to get a sense of how we should consider the multijurisdictional approach in the patent context and how this applies when you're seeking funding?

RD: Obviously, if you have patents in multiple jurisdictions, the US, Europe, beyond, that is a real asset and obviously something you should be bringing to the attention of a litigation funder if you're seeking investment in your case. The key is going to be to make sure that whatever international strategy you're considering is one that takes advantage of the various strengths and differences between different forums around the world.

For instance, many people have always enjoyed filing in the US because there's the potential for large damages awards. However, US district court litigation, especially with the advent of stays for IPRs, can be slow depending on where you're litigating. There are faster forums in other parts of the world; Germany has long been considered a favorite in that regard. And with the advent of the UPC, the Unified Patent Court, which is now in many of the EU member states, this gives you both a faster timeline to a resolution and a much bigger market now that you've got multiple EU member states that are all able to be adjudicated in a single proceeding.

What are your thoughts on the impact of that [PTAB rule changes], in terms of the changes to the types of cases that may potentially arise in both patent litigation and patent litigation funding.

SD: Discretionary denials are increasing. Just in our own practice, we've seen a dramatic change very quickly on that. And I think that's going to continue as a trend for some time, at least until folks filing petitions figure it out as far as what the rules are and as far as what the standards are and what factors are weighed most heavily in the analysis in order to basically present the best argument they can to keep their petition on track.

Certainly in the short term, discretionary denial is a real thing and it's surging. So there's an opportunity to take advantage of that while the rules shake out and both litigants and the board are trying to adapt and adjust to the new reality.

Do you have any tips for how companies can protect their trade secrets but still obtain litigation funding?

ER: My first advice to companies is to have a trade secret management system. That can be as complicated as having an entire software suite. That can be as simple as having a spreadsheet that has trade secret, date, who came up with it, and additional details.

That actually feeds into the real answer, which is you need to know what the trade secret is. Once you know what the trade secret is, things get easier. And that's easier said than done. I've been in cases where nobody really knew what the trade secret was until throttle, which is what makes it crazy. The good news is that damages are a lot more flexible, for instance, in the patent world; you can get actual losses, you can get unjust enrichment, you can get reasonable royalty, you can get punitive damages. There's just a much broader system of damages.

To view the entire discussion, please click here.